Kenyan elections have a history of being marred by violence, with several key elections witnessing significant unrest. This violence often stems from deep-seated ethnic tensions, political rivalries, and disputes over electoral processes and results.
1. 2007-2008 Post-Election Violence
Background: The most infamous instance of election-related violence in Kenya occurred after the 2007 general elections. The presidential race between incumbent Mwai Kibaki and challenger Raila Odinga was extremely close, and the announcement of Kibaki's victory sparked widespread allegations of electoral fraud.
Violence: The post-election period saw brutal violence across the country, particularly in Nairobi and Rift Valley regions. The violence resulted in over 1,100 deaths and the displacement of around 600,000 people. Ethnic tensions, particularly between the Kikuyu (Kibaki’s ethnic group) and other communities like the Luo and Kalenjin, were a significant factor in the conflict.
Resolution: The violence was eventually quelled through international mediation led by former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, which resulted in a power-sharing agreement between Kibaki and Odinga.
2. 2013 and 2017 Elections
2013 Elections: The elections in 2013 were relatively peaceful compared to 2007, although there were still tensions and isolated incidents of violence. Uhuru Kenyatta, who was indicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) for his alleged role in the 2007-2008 violence, won the presidency.
2017 Elections: The 2017 elections saw Uhuru Kenyatta re-elected in a vote that was contested by Raila Odinga. Allegations of vote-rigging and irregularities led to the nullification of the election by the Supreme Court—an unprecedented move in Africa. A rerun was held, which Kenyatta won, but it was marred by low turnout and further violence, particularly in opposition strongholds.
3. Ethnic and Political Divides
Ethnicity plays a significant role in Kenyan politics, with political support often divided along ethnic lines. During elections, these divisions can be exacerbated, leading to tensions and potential violence.
Political leaders are sometimes accused of exploiting these divisions for political gain, further entrenching the problem.
4. Security and Reforms
In response to the violence, there have been efforts to reform the electoral process and strengthen institutions to prevent future conflicts. However, challenges remain, particularly in ensuring transparency, fairness, and inclusivity in the electoral process.
Security forces are often deployed during elections to maintain order, but their actions have at times been criticized for being heavy-handed.
5. International Involvement
International actors, including the African Union, European Union, and various NGOs, have played roles in monitoring elections and mediating conflicts in Kenya. Their involvement is often seen as crucial in preventing the escalation of violence.
The recurring pattern of violence in Kenyan elections highlights the need for continued efforts to address underlying issues of ethnic division, political corruption, and electoral integrity. |
